/^ 


PROTECTION  OF  ANIMALS. 


BT 


GEORGE  T.  ANGELL, 


PRESIDENT  OF   THE   MASS.  SOCIETY    FOU  THE   PUEVENTION    OF    CKUELTY-  TO   ANIMALa 


[BEAD  AT  THE  ANNUAL  MERTINO  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SOCIAL  SCIENCE 
ASSOCIATION,  1874.] 


PRINTED  FROiM  THE  PUBLICATIONS 

OF  THE 

AMERICAN   SOCIAL   SCIENCE   ASSOCIATION, 

By  HURD  and  HOUGHTON,  13  Astor  Place,  N.  Y. 

Wc>f.  HibersiUe  ^Pcess,  ffiamfiritige,  |Was». 

1874. 


PROTECTION  OF  ANIMALS. 


GEORGE  T.  ANGELL, 


PEESIDENT  OF   THE  MASS.  SOCIETY  FOR  THE  PREVENTION  OF   CRUELTY  TO   ANIMALS. 


[READ  AT  THE  ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  THE  AMERICAN  SOCIAL  SCIENCE 
ASSOCIATION,  1874.] 


PRINTED  FROM  THE  PUBLICATIONS 

OP  THE 

AMERICAN  SOCIAL   SCIENCE  ASSOCIATION, 

By  HUKD  and  HOUGHTON,  13  Astoe  Place,  N.  Y. 

E'ttz  Hibecsitre  '^xess,  (Kamljinrge,  il^sfl. 

1874. 


THE   MASSACHUSETTS   SOCIETY 

FOB  THE 

PREVENTION  OF  CRUELTY  TO  ANIMALS. 


BOARD   OF   GOVERNMENT,   1874-5. 

President. 
GEORGE  T.  ANGELL. 

Vice-Presidents. 
His  Honor  Thomas  Talbot, 
Hon.  William  B.  Washbuen,  U.  S.  S.,  |  Ex-Gov.  A.  H.  Bullock, 

Ex-Go V. 'William  Claflin,  I  Hon.  Henry  L.  Pierce, 

And  ninety-five  others  throughout  the  State. 


Treasurer. 
Greelt  S.  Curtis. 


Special  Agent. 
Charles  A.  Currier. 


Directors. 


Geobge  T.  Angeli. 
RnssELL  Sttirgis,  Jr. 

W.  AV.  MORLANB. 

D.  D.  Slade. 
George  Notes. 
Thomas  Conert. 
William  G.  Weld. 
Mrs.  William  Appleton. 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Johnson. 
Miss  Ann  Wigglesworth. 
Miss  Helen  Bigelow. 
Miss  Alice  M.  Wellington. 
Mrs.  C.  D.  Homans. 
Miss  Florence  Lyman. 


Secretary. 
Frank  B.  Fay. 


Henry  S.  Russeu,. 
Gardner  Chilson. 
C.  L.  Hetwood. 
Samuel  E.  Sawyer. 
Henry  P.  Kidder. 
G.  J.  F.  Bryant. 
W.  H.  Baldwin. 
Henry  S.  Washburn. 
Patrick  Donahoe. 
Joseph  White. 
Abraham  Firth. 
John  B.  Taft. 
Greely  S.  Curtis. 
Frank  B.  Fay. 


Office,  46  Washington   Street,    Boston. 


Note.  —  The  following  paper,  taken  from  the  publications  of  the  American  Social  Sci- 
ence Association,  is  reprinted  bj^  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty 
to  Animals,  for  general  circulation.  Copies  can  be  procured  at  the  office  of  that  Society, 
46  Washington  Street,  Boston. 


THE  PROTECTION  OF   ANIMALS. 
By  George  T.  Angell,  President  of  the  Mascachusetts  Society  for  the  Pkk- 

VENTION  OF   CeUELTY  TO  ANIMALS. 

If  the  time  allotted  to  this  pajier  were  longer,  I  should  be  glad  to 
speak  of  many  matters  relating  to  animals,  worthy  of  thought,  which  for 
lack  of  time  I  shall  not  be  able  to  discuss ;  as,  for  instance,  their  intel- 
lectual qualities,  the  languages  by  which  they  communicate  their  thoughts 
to  each  other  ;  well  authenticated  instances  in  which  they  have  exhibited 
a  high  degree  of  reason,  and  a  keen  perception  of  right  and  wrong  ;  the 
belief  of  a  large  majority  of  the  human  race  in  their  immortality,  which 
belief  has  been  advocated  by  many  of  the  most  eminent  Christian  theolo- 
gians and  scholars,  including  such  men  as  John  Wesley,  Jeremy  Taylor, 
Coleridge,  Lamartine,  and  Agassiz. 

The  rise  and  progress  of  societies  for  their  protection  ;  the  kind  treat- 
ment they  generally  receive  in  Oriental  countries  ;  the  fallacy  of  that 
doctrine  that  they  were  created  solely  for  man,  and  not  for  their  own  en- 
joyment; all  these  topics  of  interest  I  should  be  glad  to  discuss,  if 
there  were  not  other  and  more  important  ones,  sufficient  to  occupy  the 
time  allotted  me.  I  should  be  glad  to  give  some  of  my  own  European 
experiences  in  regard  to  the  kinder  treatment  of  animals  there  ;  to  speak 
of  the  hard,  smooth  roads  which  I  found  all  over  Continental  Europe,  even 
in  the  highest  passes  of  the  Aljis  ;  how  over  a  large  portion  of  Europe 
carriage  horses  are  not  only  exempted  from  check  reins,  but  are  also 
permitted  the  same  use  of  their  eyes  which  we  give  to  saddle  horses,  cav- 
alry horses,  and  artillery  horses  going  into  battle  ;  how  in  European 
armies  slaughterers  are  attached  to  each  ambulance  corps  to  kill  horses 
badly  wounded  in  battle,  instead  of  leaving  them,  as  we  did,  to  die  of 
starvation  ;  how,  in  four  months'  residence  at  Paris,  I  never  saw  an 
omnibus  horse  unkindly  treated,  and  only  one  case  of  overloading ;  also 
about  European  hospitals  for  sick  animals,  and  temporary  homes  for 
stray  ones  ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  I  might  give  you  a  picture  of  the 
wrongs  inflicted  on  man's  most  useful  servant,  particularly  in  old  age, 
which  led  the  eloquent  Raskin  to  exclaim  :  "  Has  any  one  ever  looked  up 
to  Heaven,  with  an  entire  understanding  of  Heaven's  ways  about  the 
horse  ?  "  As  illustrating  these  wrongs  I  will  simply  say,  in  passing,  that 
the  officers  of  the  Mass.  Society  P.  C.  A.  during  the  last  year  investigated 
nearly  two  thousand  cases  of  cruelty  to  horses. 


4  THE  PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

I  should  be  glad  to  speak  of  the  shepherd  dogs  of  Scotland,  and  the 
Newfoundland  and  the  St.  Bernard,  and  the  rich  men's  dogs  that  protect 
their  masters'  houses,  and  the  poor  men's  dogs  which  are  their  masters' 
friends ;  or  I  might  read  to  you  an  hour  about  the  birds,  without 
which,  because  of  the  wonderful  fecundity  of  insects,  Michelet  declares 
"  that  man  coixld  not  live."  I  shall  only  have  time  to  say  in  regard  to 
them,  that  in  the  report  of  the  Mass.  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  for 
1873,  you  will  find,  first,  that  the  annual  loss  to  crops  by  insects,  in  the 
United  States,  is  estimated  at  about  four  hundred  millions  of  dollars  ;  and, 
second,  that  a  large  proportion  of  this  loss '  might  be  prevented  by  the 
proper  encouragement  and  protection  of  small  birds,  and  their  nests  ; 
and  that  for  the  want  of  this  encouragement  and  protection  American 
birds  are  decreasing,  and  insects  increasing. 

But  in  the  space  allotted  me  I  can  only  put  before  you  some  of  the 
conditions,  in  this  country,  of  animals  that  supply  us  with  food ;  the 
bearing  of  those  conditions  on  public  health  and  morals  ;  and  the  means 
by  which  those  conditions  may  be  changed. 

TRANSPORTATION    OF    ANIMALS. 

On  the  16th  of  April,  1871,  George  E.  Temple,  a  Brighton  butcher, 
died,  as  appears  from  the  verdict  of  the  coroner's  jury,  of  "  blood  poison, 
inoculated  in  dressing  for  market  a  dead  ox,  one  half  of  the  meat  of 
which  was  sent  into  Boston  for  sale."  On  the  20th  of  April  a  joint 
special  committee  of  the  aldermen  and  common  council  of  Boston  was 
appointed  "  to  ascertain  whether  unwholesome  meats  were  sold  in  that 
city." 

Five  months  afterwards  the  report  of  that  committee,  containing  the 
official  reports  and  testimony  of  state  cattle  commissioners,  railroad 
commissioners,  boards  of  health,  and  physicians,  was  published  by  the 
city  government.  By  this  report  and  the  various  official  reports  and 
evidence  therein  cited  and  contained,  as  well  as  by  other  official  reports 
and  evidence  more  recently  published,  it  appears,  — 

1st.  That  our  Eastern  markets,  in  both  cities  and  towns,  are  largely 
supplied  with  the  meats  of  diseased  animals,  and  to  some  extent  with  the 
meats  of  animals  that  have  died  of  disease ;  2d,  that  the  eating  of  these 
meats  produces  disease  in  those  who  eat  them ;  and  3d,  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  detect  these  meats  after  they  have  been  dressed  and  put  into  the 
stalls. 

If  there  were  time  I  might  read  you  pages  of  details  of  the  manner 
in  which  animals  are  transported  from  the  plains  of  Texas  to  the  Atlan- 
tic coast,  but  they  may  be  all  generally  summed  up  in  the  statement  of 
Dr.  Derby,  Secretary  of  the  Mass.  State  Board  of  Health,  in  his  annual 
report  for  1874,  just  published,  "  that  the  transportation  of  animals  in 
this  country,  at  present,  is,  in  the  main,  barbarous  and  infernal." 


THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANBIALS.  5 

From  seven  to  eight  millions  of  these  animals,  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine, 
are  thus  brought  annually  from  the  West,  to  supply,  not  only  our  cities 
and  larger  towns,  but  also  a  large  portion  of  our  smaller  towns  with 
meat. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  six  per  cent,  of  cattle,  and  about  nine  per 
cent,  of  sheep  and  swine,  nearly  600,000  in  all,  annually  die  on  the  pas- 
sage, and  a  large  portion  of  these  are  sold  in  our  markets,  either  as  meat, 
or  rendered  into  cooking  lard ;  while  the  cattle  that  get  through  alive, 
for  the  want  of  food  and  water,  and  by  reason  of  the  cruelty  inflicted 
upon  them,  after  losing  on  the  average,  in  transportation,  nearly  a  hun- 
dred pounds  each  in  weight,  from  the  most  juicy  and  nutritious  parts  of 
the  meat,  come  out  of  the  cars  full  of  fever,  and  many  wdth  bruises, 
sores,  and  ulcers ;  and  these,  together  with  smaller  animals,  to  which 
the  loss  and  suifering  is,  in  proportion,  equally  great,  are  all  sold  in  our 
markets  for  food. 

These  cruelties  are  not  confined  to  Western  cattle  and  long  routes,  but 
are  inflicted,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  on  almost  all  animals  transported 
to  market;  as.  for  instance,  some  time  since,  I  read  in  the  "Boston 
Journal,"  that  out  of  125  live  lambs  shipped  from  Vermont  to  Boston, 
in  a  single  box  car,  121  were  taken  out  dead. 

EFFECTS    OF    CRUELTY    UPON    THE     MEATS. 

What  effects  have  these  cruelties  upon  the  meats  ? 

The  Board  of  Health  of  Chicago,  in  February,  1871,  reported  that 
"  nearly  one  half  the  beef,  pork,  and  mutton,  offered  for  sale  in  that  city, 
was  diseased,  and  unfit  for  food." 

The  Cattle  Commissioners  of  New  York,  in  their  Report  of  1869,  say  : 
"  It  became  apparent  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health,  in  New 
York  city,  that  the  alarming  increase  of  obstinate  and  fatal  diarrhoea  in 
the  metropolitan  district,  was  caused  by  the  use  of  diseased  meats." 
And  they  add,  that  "  not  only  do  Western  cattle  lose  a  hundred  pounds 
or  more  per  head  in  transportation,  but  the  tissues  of  their  entire  systems 
are  turned  into  a  feeble,  disordered,  and  feverish  condition." 

The  Massachusetts  Railroad  Commissioners  in  their  Report  of  1871, 
say  that  these  meats  endanger  the  health  of  our  people. 

Professor  Agassiz  says  :  "  Let  me  call  your  attention  to  the  dangers 
arising  from  the  ill-treatment  of  beef  cattle  before  slaua^hterins:  them." 

Medical  Inspector  Hamlin,  in  his  "Notes  on  the  Alimentation  of 
Armies,"  says :  "  The  flesh  of  mammalia  undergoes  great  change,  by 
reason  of  fasting,  disturbance  of  sleep,  and  long  continued  suffering,  re- 
sulting in  its  not  only  becoming  worthless,  but  deleterious." 

In  1866  it  was  found  in  New  York  that  hogs  were  killed  by  feeding 
upon   the   blood   and   entrails    of  animals    diseased   by  transportation, 


6  THF   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

although  they  will  fatten  on  the  same  material  taken  from  healthy 
animals  ;  and  on  the  16th  of  April,  1871,  as  I  have  stated,  a  Brighton 
butcher  died  of  "  blood  jaoison,  inoculated  in  dressing  for  market  a  dead 
ox,  one  half  the  meat  of  which  was  sent  into  Boston  for  sale." 

CAN   THESE    MEATS    BE    DETECTED    IN    THE    AIARKETS  ? 

Professor  Cameron  of  Dublin  says  that  "  the  flesh  of  oxen  in  the 
congestive  stage  of  pleuro-pneumonia  cannot  be  distinguished  from  that 
of  healthy  oxen." 

The  Board  of  Health  of  Chicago,  in  their  Report  published  in  1871, 
speaking  of  the  Texas  cattle  fever,  say  :  "  As  a  general  rule,  it  was 
found  impossible  to  decide  by  the  appearance  of  the  carcass,  after  the 
viscera  had  been  removed,  whether  it  was  fit  for  market  or  not." 

Dr.  Derby,  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health,  says  :  "  There 
can  be  no  approach  to  certainty  in  the  recognition  of  the  meat  of  animals 
which  had  been  sick  at  the  time  of  killing,  or  which  have  been  brought 
to  the  slaughter-house  dead." 

Horace  W.  Jordan,  member  of  the  Brighton  Board  of  Health,  also 
one  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Cattle  Commissioners,  testifies  before  the 
Boston  committee  that  "  when  the  meat  is  examined  here,  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  tell  whether  the  animal  was  diseased." 

And  Professor  Gamgee  states  in  the  Edinburgh  ''  Veterinary  Review  " 
of  May,  1863,  that  he  has  known  diseased  cattle  slaughtered,  the  beef 
of  which  had  the  appearance  of  being  the  best  beef  that  a  butcher  can 
show ;  and  yet  pigs,  dogs,  and  ferrets  died  from  eating  it,  and  horses 
died  from  drinking  water  into  which  the  blood  of  one  of  these  animals 
had  run. 

From  these  facts  it  appears  that  cruelty  to  animals  avenges  itself 
upon  the  consumer,  and  that  we  shall  never  be  secure  against  disease 
from  eating  poisonous  meats  until  animals  are  transported  without 
cruelty ;  as  they  can  be  with  little  loss  of  weight,  greater  profit  to  rail- 
roads and  everybody  concerned,  and  complete  jjrotection  to  public 
health. 

It  was  estimated  at  the  Social  Science  Convention  at  Albany  in  1869, 
that  Texas  cattle  which  then  sold  in  New  York  market  for  about  $100, 
could,  with  proper  transportation,  be  sold  there  for  about  $40. 

SLAUGHTERING    OF    ANIMALS. 

Another  subject.  It  is  estimated  that  from  sixty  to  one  hundred 
millions  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  are  killed  in  this  country  every 
year  for  food  ;  probably  more  than  t'vo  hundred  thousand  a  day. 

How  do  they  die  ? 

As  in   that  mercitul    European    slaughter-house   described  by    Sir 


THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS.  7 

Francis  Head,  and  others ;  full  fed  and  rested,  under  the  inspection  of 
government  officers  ;  in  a  place  kept  clean  by  the  constant  flow  of 
water,  without  foreknowledge  and  without  pain ;  or  are  they  dragged, 
lialf-starved  and  frantic  with  terror,  by  a  rope,  or  rope  and  windlass, 
into  bloody  slaughter-houses  full  of  the  signs  of  butchery  ? 

In  the  light  of  medical  science  it  makes  a  dilBference  to  the  consumer 
how  they  die. 

Dr.  D.  D.  Slade,  Professor  of  Zoology  of  Harvard  University,  in  a 
recent  lecture  before  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
says,  "  the  animal  to  be  slaughtered  should  be  conducted  to  the  spot  se- 
lected, quietly,  without  the  use  of  goad  or  club,  and  everything  calcu- 
lated to  alarm  should  be  removed.  All  slaughtering  premises  should  be 
kept  cleansed  from  blood,  and  no  carcasses  be  allowed  to  hang  in  view. 
No  animal  should  be  permitted  to  witness  the  death  of  another.  Tri- 
fling as  these  measures  may  appear  to  the  professional  butcher,  they  are 
of  vast  importance,  not  only  in  view  of  avoiding  cruelty,  but  as  affect- 
ing the  wholesomeness  of  meat ;  there  being  no  question  as  to  the 
effects  of  torture,  cruelty,  and  fear  upon  the  secretions,  and  if  upon  the 
secretions,  necessarily  upon  the  flesh." 

Now  please  accompany  me  for  a  moment,  not  to  one  of  the  more 
brutal  slaughter-houses  where  the  cattle  are  driven  in  by  men  armed 
with  spike  poles,  where  our  officers  have  seen  them  struck  seven  blows 
with  the  axe  before  they  were  knocked  down,  and  where  the  eyes  of 
cattle  are  sometimes  pricked  out  that  they  may  be  driven  in  more  easUy. 
I  will  not  ask  you  to  go  there  ;  but  go  with  me  to  one  of.  the  very 
best,  and  kindest,  and  least  offensive,  that  you  may  see  how  these  dumb 
creatures,  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  are  prepared  for  your 
tables.  I  will  simply  read  you  the  report  of  a  respectable  and  reliable 
gentleman  well  known  to  me,  and  which  has  been  widely  published. 

"  On  the  12th  of  July,  1872,"  he  says,  "  I  went  to  the  slaughter-house 
of  Mr.  C.  A.  Thomas,  at  Peabody,  —  it  being  one  of  the  best  in  New 
England,  —  to  witness  the  mode  and  conditions  of  slaughtering. 

"  The  animals  were  all  forcibly  drawn  by  a  rope  into  the  room,  the 
floor  of  which  was  reeking  and  slippery  with  blood  and  offal,  and  in  full 
sight  of  the  heads,  hearts,  livers,  and  still  quivering  carcasses  of  those 
which  had  preceded  them,  which  were  hanging  on  the  walls,  and  lying 
upon  the  floor  around  them.  The  cattle,  of  course,  were  wild  with  fear, 
and  in  a  condition  bordering  on  frenzy,  were  knocked  down  and  dressed ; 
and  in  this  state  of  excitement  and  heat,  growing  out  of  their  fears  and 
struggles,  were  converted  into  beef. 

"  The  establishment  of  Mr»  Thomas  may  be  regarded  as  a  model  one 
compared  with  any  others  in  this  region.  I  saw  six  oxen  killed  and 
dressed  there,  five  of  which  were  so  badly  bruised  that  to  make  them 


8  THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

look  "  all  right "  tlie  butchers  pared  off  great  clots  of  swollen  tissue,  iu- 
fdsed  with  blood  and  serum,  weighing  from  a  half  to  several  pounds 
each,  and  threw  them  among  the  offal.  Old  sores  were  so  neatly  cut 
out,  that  the  unskilled  eye  would  never  suspect  they  had  existed.  Some 
of  these  sore  bruises  were  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter. 

"  Cattle  at  all  the  slaughter-houses  I  have  visited  —  at  Peabody,  Port- 
land, Brighton,  New  York,  and  other  places  —  show  the  same  bruised 
and  battered  condition." 

In  confirmation  of  this  permit  me  to  say,  that  a  Fall  River  butcher 
told  a  friend  of  mine  that  he  was  sometimes  compelled  to  cut  out  of  his 
beef  from  fifty  to  seventy-five  pounds,  diseased  by  sores  caused  by  trans- 
portation ;  and  a  Lynn  butcher,  speakiog  of  animals  that  die  on  the 
cars,  said :  "  We  cannot  afford  to  lose  them,  so  we  dress  them  all,  and 
what  is  not  too  far  gone  we  put  into  the  stalls." 

These  are  the  meats,  which  without  any  inspection  whatever,  are 
poured  into  our  markets  to  supply  us  with  food. 

MILCH    cows. 

Another  subject,  and  next  in  importance  to  the  public  health,  is  the 
proper  treatment  of  the  animals  that  sujiply  us  with  milk.  It  is  well 
known  to  physicians  and  others  who  have  investigated  this  subject,  that 
not  only  the  quantity,  but  also  the  quality  of  milk,  depends  on  the  man- 
ner in  which  cows  are  treated.  If  starved,  frozen,  or  kept  without  sun- 
shine, exercise,  or  companions,  or  worried  by  dogs,  or  frightened  by  boys, 
or  improperly  fed,  or  permitted  to  drink  impure  water,  or  water  poisoned 
with  lead,  or  kept  in  the  foul  air  of  unclean  or  improperly  ventilated  sta- 
bles, or  otherwise  cruelly  treated,  their  milk  and  its  jDroducts  are  liable 
to  produce  sickness,  and  may  produce  death ;  in  other  words,  that  the 
milk  of  an  improperly  fed,  or  otherwise  cruelly  treated  animal,  may  be  as 
dangerous  to  the  consumer  as  the  milk  of  an  improperly  fed,  or  cruelly 
treated  nurse. 

Medical  books  abound  with  cases  showing  this  danger,  —  "a  chUd 
dying  m  a  few  minutes  after  being  nursed  by  its  mother  while  m  a 
state  of  great  excitement,"  —  "a  young  dog  thrown  into  epileptic  con- 
vulsions from  a  similar  cause,"  —  '■  pigs  killed  by  being  fed  on  the  milk 
of  diseased  cows."  These  are  some  of  the  cases  cited  in  the  medical  books 
and  elsewhere.  Dr.  Brown-Sequard,  in  a  recent  lecture,  says  :  "  Mothers 
who  give  way  to  anger,  or  other  emotions,  often  injure  the  infant's  health 
for  life,  if  it  be  not  killed  outright." 

See  also  on  this  subject  the  1873  Report  of  the  Mass.  State  Board  of 
Health ;  under  the  heads  of  "  Infant  Mortality,"  and  the  "  Adulteration  of 
Milk ; "  see  also  Carpenter's  "  Physiology,"  Cooper  on  "  Diseases  of  the 
Breast,"  and  other  medical  works  on  the  subject. 


THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS.  9 

Now  thousands  of  cows  giving  milk  which  is  used  in  our  cities  and 
towns,  are  uniformly,  or  at  times,  kept  in  improper  localities,  improp- 
erly fed,  or  otherwise  cruelly  treated ;  resulting  in  adult  sickness  and  in- 
fant mortality.  To  those  who  have  read  the  official  evidence  on  tliis  sub- 
ject, there  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  the  causes  of  sudden  and  early  deaths 
were  truly  written  in  our  cemeteries,  they  would  read  in  many  instances, 
"  Died  because  somebody  violated  God's  merciful  laws,  established  for  the 
protection  of  his  lower  creatures." 

CALVES. 

"  Our  calves,"  say  the  Boston  Committee,  in  their  Report  before  referred 
to,  "  are  brought  mostly  from  Western  Massachusetts,  Maine,  Vermont, 
and  Canada ;  they  are  kept  two  or  three  days  without  nourishment  after 
being  taken  from  the  cow,  while  the  car  load  is  being  made  up  ;  they  are 
then  shipped,  from  90  to  100  of  them  in  each  car,  and  if  one  falls,  it  is 
pretty  sure  to  be  trampled  to  death  ;  they  are  slaughtered  from  one  to 
three  days  after  their  arrival ;  they  are  too  young  to  eat  hay,  and  nothing 
else  is  given  them  to  eat  during  four  to  six  days  that  they  are  kept  after 
being  taken  from  the  cow,  and  during  this  time  they  are  bled,  to  make 
their  flesh  look  whiter,"  Sometimes,  I  may  add,  they  are  bled  several 
times  before  they  are  killed,  to  make  the  flesh  look  whiter ;  a  practice, 
which  as  our  best  physicians  say,  makes  the  meat  indigestible  and  un- 
wholesome. Very  different  these  practices  from  what  I  found  in  Paris, 
where  calves  were  carried  to  market  in  good  condition,  were  fed  regularly 
with  a  preparation  of  eggs,  meal,  and  warm  water,  up  to  the  time  of  kill- 
ing, and  where  a  butcher  would  have  no  more  thought  of  bleeding  a  calf 
before  killing  it,  than  of  bleeding  an  ox,  cow,  lamb,  or  any  other  crea- 
ture. 

SHEEP    AND    FOWLS. 

Another  matter  of  common  occurrence  here  is  the  shearing  of  sheep  in 
cold  weather,  before  they  are  sent  to  market,  which  compels  them  to 
shiver  and  freeze  sometimes  several  days  before  they  are  killed. 
"  There  are  more  or  less  dead  sheep  on  every  train,"  say  the  Boston 
Committee,  "  and  those  that  are  sheared  get  badly  bruised."  Also  pluck- 
ing fowls  alive  ;  also  packing  live  poultry  so  closely  in  crates  that  many 
of  them  die  of  suffocation ;  all  of  which  things  are  not  only  cruel  to  the 
animals,  but  also  injure  the  meat,  and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  endanger 
the  public  health. 

CRUELTY    ALWAYS    INJURES    THE    MEAT. 

So  universal  is  the  law  that  cruelty  to  the  animal  injures  the  meat, 
that  an  eminent  English  physician.  Dr.  Carpenter,  in  a  recent  letter  to 


10  THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

the  "  London  Times,"  assures  us  that  the  meats  of  animals  wnicli  have 
been  made  fat  by  overfeeding,  will  sometimes  produce  gastric  diseases  in 
those  who  eat  them.  In  England  it  has  been  found  that  the  flesh  of 
hares  chased  and  worried  by  dogs,  becomes  diseased,  and  soon  putrifies. 
Old  hunters  tell  us  they  do  not  like  to  eat  the  meat  of  deer  which  have 
been  run  and  worried  by  dogs,  and  that  they  sometimes,  when  hunting, 
shoot  dogs  to  prevent  their  worrying  the  deer,  and  so  spoiling  the 
meat.  The  same  doctrine  applies  to  game  caught  and  tortured  in  steel 
traps.  In  an  essay  which  took  the  prize  at  the  New  England  Agricul- 
tural Fair  of  1872,  I  find  that  the  flesh  of  animals  killed  when  in  a 
state  of  great  excitement,  soon  putrifies  ;  and  that  the  flesh  of  animals 
killed  instantly  without  pain,  is  found  to  contain  elements  indispensable 
to  the  easy  and  complete  digestion  of  the  meat  (amongst  which  is  one 
named  "  Glycogene  "),  and  which  elements  are  almost,  or  entirely  want- 
ing in  animals  that  have  suffered  before  dying. 

EFFECTS    OF    CRUELTY    TO    FISH. 

Fishermen,  in  some  parts  of  Europe,  and,  I  may  add,  some  parts  of 
this  country,  kill  fish  with  a  knife  or  bludgeon  as  soon  as  they  are  taken 
from  the  water,  because  fish  thus  killed  are  found  to  be  better  than 
those  which  have  long  gasped  and  struggled  before  dying.  Professor 
Slade,  in  his  lecture  before  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
before  referred  to,  says  on  this  subject,  "  Various  modes  of  killing  fish 
are  practiced.  The  Dutch,  for  example,  destroy  life  by  making  a  slight 
longitudinal  incision  under  the  tail  with  a  sharp  instrument."  "  On  the 
Rhine,  they  kill  salmon  by  thrusting  a  steel  needle  into  their  heads." 
"  Fish  may  be  easily  killed  by  striking  them  a  quick,  sharp  blow,  with  a 
small  stick  on  the  back  of  the  head,  just  behind  the  eyes,  or  by  taking 
them  by  the  tail  and  striking  the  head  quickly  against  any  hard  substance." 

And  the  professor  continues  :  "  It  has  been  observed  that  fish  which 
are  instantly  killed  on  being  taken  from  the  water,  are  vastly  superior 
in  taste  and  solidity  to  those  which  are  allowed  to  die,  as  is  the  imiver- 
sal  custom  with  us.  Aaid  why,"  he  continues,  "  should  this  not  be  the 
case  ?  Whj  should  we  make  a  distinction  between  animals  that  swim, 
and  those  that  fly  or  run  ?  No  one  of  us  would  think  of  eating  beast 
or  bird  that  died  a  natural  death." 

OUR    SALT    WATER    FISH. 

Perhaps,  in  the  light  of  these  authorities,  it  is  well  to  inquire  how  the 
fish  brought  to  our  markets  are  obtained,  and  how  they  die. 

At  the  present  time  nearly  all  our  salt  water  fish  are  caught  on  what 
are  called  "  trawls,"  or  long  ropes,  with  ten  hundred  to  twelve  hundred 
hooks  and  lines  attached,  sunk  by  stones  or  heavy  weights  at  either  end 


THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS.  11 

to  the  bottom  ;  the  fish  are  caught,  of  course,  near  the  bottom,  and  str\ig- 
gle  there  a  considerable  time  until  they  die,  and  then  lie  dead  in  the 
water.  Usually  the  trawls  are  taken  up  the  same  day  they  are  put  down, 
but  frequently  not  until  the  next  day  ;  and  sometimes,  in  bad  weather, 
not  for  several  days.  In  the  mean  time  they  lie  dead  in  the  water.  1 
am  told  by  Swampscott  fishermen  that  they  sometimes  pick  over  a  hun- 
dred, and  sometimes  even  a  thousand  of  these  fish  before  they  find  one 
they  are  willing  to  take  home  to  their  families.  The  rest  are  sold  in 
our  markets,  and  I  may  add  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  young  fish  of 
no  value  are  caught  and  killed  on  these  trawls,  having  no  time  to  grow ; 
and  because  of  this,  fish  are  becoming  so  scarce  on  our  coast  that  a 
fisherman  cannot  now  take,  on  the  average,  on  a  trawl,  with  a  thousand 
or  iwelve  hundred  hooks,  so  many  pounds  of  dead  fish,  as  he  used  to 
catch  of  live  ones  with  a  single  hook  and  line. 

Other  cruelties  are  inflicted  on  fish  caught  alive,  in  trying  to  keep 
them  alive.  Also  on  lobsters,  in  the  boiling  of  which,  sometimes  while 
the  lower  lobsters  in  the  kettle  are  boiled,  the  top  ones  are  trying  to 
escape. 

For  the  public  health,  if  for  no  other  reason,  these  things  should  be 
investigated  and  stopped. 

CATTLE    IN    WINTER. 

A  vast  deal  of  cruelty  is  inflicted  upon  many  domestic  animals  before 
they  reach  the  cattle  markets,  particularly  during  our  long  winters, 
through  the  want  of  food  and  shelter. 

One  of  the  first  cases  which  enlisted  my  sympathies  in  this  subject, 
was,  when  passing  many  years  ago,  in  early  spring,  the  house  of  a 
wealthy,  but  miserly  woman  in  a  town  near  Boston,  I  saw  driven  from 
her  yard*  a  cow  that  was  simply  a  skeleton  ;  nothing  but  skin  and  bones ; 
she  was  hardly  able  to  stagger  through  the  street.  On  inquiry,  I  found 
it  was  the  custom  of  this  wealthy  woman  to  keep  that  poor  animal 
during  the  entire  winter  just  at  the  point  of  starvation,  to  save  the  cost 
of  hay. 

MERCIFUL    KILLING    OF    DOMESTIC    ANIMALS. 

There  is  great  need  of  information  in  regard  to  the  most  merciful 
methods  of  killing  our  domestic  animals. 

In  a  case  recently  reported  to  me,  a  nominally  Christian,  and  for 
aught  I  know,  kind  hearted  man,  led  h  is  old  horse  through  the  snow  into 
the  woods,  and  beat  him  on  the  head  with  a  club,  and  left  him  for  dead. 
Three  days  after,  the  old  horse  came  crawling  back  into  his  master's 
door-yard. 

At  the  request  of  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 


12  THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

Cruelty  to  Animals,  the  professor  of  zoology  of  Harvard  University  has 
recently  piepared  a  small  pamphlet,  illustrated  by  cuts,  showing  how  to 
kill  each  domestic  animal  in  the  most  merciful  manner. 

KILLING    OF   ANIMALS  BY    BOYS. 

Our  smaller  domestic  pet  animals,  such  as  dogs,  cats,  and  the  like, 
are,  in  probably  a  great  majority  of  cases,  killed  cruelly,  when  it  would 
be  easy  to  have  some  one  in  every  town,  as  we  now  have  in  Boston,  to 
kill  them  mercifully,  with  a  little  chlorofoi'm,  or  otherwise.  And  this 
killing,  not  unfrequently,  is  intrusted  to  boys. 

If  there  were  more  time,  I  could  give  you  many  instances  within  my 
knowledge,  which  are  but  samples  of  thousands  of  cases  constantly  oc- 
curring, illustrating  the  cruelty  thus  inflicted  upon  the  animals,  and  its 
pernicious  influence  on  the  boys. 

Dr.  Ellicott,  Lord  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  one  of  the  best 
thinkers  in  England,  says,  "  "Wantonness  in  the  child,  if  unchecked,  is 
sure  to  deepen  into  cruelty,  or  indifference  to  it  in  the  man." 

I  could  give  you  pages  of  similar  opinions. 

REMEDIES. 

For  all  these  wrongs  which  I  have  enumerated,  what  is  the  remedy  ? 
First,  better  transportation.  The  Jewish  Rabbi  goes  to  our  markets  and 
selects  what  seems  a  healthy  animal.  He  stands  at  the  slaughter-house 
while  it  is  slaughtered  and  dressed.  During  the  ^jrocess,  he  carefully 
examines  its  internal  organs,  and  if  he  finds  the  slightest  trace  of  dis- 
ease, passes  it  over  to  the  Christian. 

When  public  opinion  shall  demand  the  same  inspection  of  animals, 
both  before  and  after  they  are  killed,  now  practiced  in  Continental  Eu- 
ropean cities,  and  by  the  Jews,  so  far  as  I  am  informed,  everywhere, 
and  the  Christian  inspector  shall  stand  at  our  cattle  markets,  side  by 
side  with  the  Jewish  Rabbi,  to  condemn,  and  cause  to  be  destroyed 
the  meat  of  every  diseased  animal,  then  animals  will  be  brought  to  our 
markets  without  cruelty,  and  the  Christian  will  eat  as  good  meat  as  the 
Jew. 

Cattle  cars  have  already  been  invented  and  tried  with  entire  success, 
in  which  cattle  can  be  carried  thousands  of  miles  with  food,  water,  and 
'est,  and  arrive  in  good  condition. 

When  these  cars  come  into  general  use,  railroads  will  make  more 
money,  because  one  third  to  one  half  more  cars  will  be  required  to  trans- 
port the  same  number  of  cattle  ;  dealers  will  make  more  money,  because 
(saying  nothing  of  animals  that  die  on  the  passage)  an  enormous  waste 
of  the  best  parts  of  the  meat  will  be  saved,  and  this  saving  will  not  only 
pay  the  increased  charges  of  transportation,  but  also  leave  an  immense 


THE   PROTECTION    OF   ANIMALS.  13 

margin  of  gain ;  and  consumers  getting  wholesome  meats  at  one  half  to 
three  fourths  the  prices  they  now  pay  for  diseased  meats,  will  buy  larger 
quantities,  and  so  increase  the  trade.  I  will  also  further  state  what  I 
should  be  glad  to  prove,  if  there  were  more  time  : 

1st.  That  it  is  perfectly  practicable  to  supply  all  animals  in  transporta- 
tion with  food  and  water.  2d.  That  the  keeping  of  calves  several  days 
without  nourishment  is  entirely  inexcusable,  for  they  will  readily  drink 
flour  mixed  with  water  ;  and  3d.  That  all  animals  can  be  transported  on 
cars  properly  constructed,  with  the  same  speed  as  men,  and  the  saving  in 
their  value  will  more  than  pay  for  their  rapid  transportation. 

BRIGHTON    ABATTOIR. 

How  prevent  the  starving  of  animals  before  they  are  slaughtered,  and 
secure  merciful  methods  of  slaughtering  them  ? 

We  have  now  at  Brighton,  Mass.,  one  of  the  best  abattoirs  in  the  world, 
where  every  animal  can  be  killed  in  the  most  merciful  manner  ;  though 
for  want  of  proper  inspection  (for  which  the  legislature  has  been  peti- 
tioned) animals  are  killed  there  with  much  cruelty. 

This  abattoir  is  so  constructed  that  each  of  the  larger  animals,  after 
being  slaughtered  and  dressed,  may  be  carried  immediately  by  machinery 
to  another  room ;  all  the  refuse  matter  passed  through  the  floor  into 
small  metallic  wagons,  in  which  it  is  carried  to  the  rendering  house,  and 
every  trace  of  blood  washed  off  before  the  next  animal  is  brought  in  — 
and  calves,  sheep,  and  swine  can  be  killed  there  without  cruelty,  by 
having  each  brought  singly  to  the  slaughter  room,  by  some  one  having  no 
blood  on  his  clothing,  and  stunning  it  with  a  single  blow  of  a  mallet  or 
hammer,  just  before,  or  at  the  moment  it  is  brought  in. 

In  several  of  the  smaller  slaughter-houses  of  Massachusetts,  they  now 
have,  for  killing  cattle,  just  outside  the  slaughter  house,  box-pens,  like  a 
horse's  stall,  with  a  door  at  each  end ;  the  animal  is  driven  in  and  in- 
stantly stunned  and  kdled  by  a  single  bullet  in  the  head,  from  a  rifle, 
thrust  through  an  open  slide  in  the  front  door ;  the  animal  is  at  once 
hauled  into  the  slaughter  room,  leaving  no  blood  in  the  pen  to  terrify 
the  succeeding  animal,  and  injure  its  meat. 

By  this  process  it  has  been  found  that  much  time  is  saved,  which,  imder 
the  systems  now  generally  practiced,  is  lost  in  hauling  or  driving  animals 
into  bloody  slaughter-houses. 

All  that  is  needed  is  a  public  opinion  which  shall  require  these  forms 
of  slaughtering  to  be  generally  practiced ;  and  that  faithful  inspectors 
shall  be  stationed  at  the  larger  slaughter-houses  to  see  that  they  are  prop 
erly  carried  out,  and  all  animals  properly  fed  and  watered  up  to  the  time 
of  killing  ;  then  the  sixty  millions,  or  more,  of  dumb  creatures  that  are 
now  killed  annually  in  this  country  for  food,'  will  die  without  pain  to 
themselves,  or  danger  to  the  consumer. 


14  THE   PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 


HUMANE   EDUCATION. 

How  improve  the  treatment  of  animals  that  supply  us  with  milk  ? 
and  how  protect  birds  and  their  nests  ?  and  how  check  every  form  of 
cruelty  inflicted  on  dumb  creatures  ? 

1.  By  circulating  information. 

2.  By  humane  education,  through  facts  in  natural  history,  pictures, 
stories,  songs,  sentences  on  the  blackboard  and  in  copy  books,  prizes  for 
compositions,  instruction  by  teachers,  talks  to  and  with  the  children  in 
our  schools,  Sunday-schools,  and  in  every  home. 

Realizing  the  importance  of  this,  the  French  Minister  of  Public  In- 
struction ordered  the  publications  of  the  French  Society  for  the  pre- 
vention of  cruelty  to  animals  to  be  circulated  in  the  French  schools,  and 
called  the  attention  of  all  the  teachers  of  France  to  the  importance  of 
educating  the  children  humanely. 

The  Ladies'  Humane  Education  Committee  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
England,  sent  at  one  time  a  humane  publication  to  about  twenty-five 
thousand  school-masters  in  Great  Britain,  with  an  addz'ess,  asking  their 
aid  in  the  schools. 

The  Royal  Society  of  England,  and  several  societies  in  the  United 
States,  have  adopted  the  plan  of  giving  prizes  to  pupils  in  the  schools 
who  write  the  best  compositions  on  the  subject. 

The  French  society,  instead  of  prizes,  gives  medals  of  gold,  silver,  and 
bronze  to  those  who  have  shown  the  greatest  kindness  to  animals.  The 
Archbishop  of  Bordeaux,  Monseigneur  Dounet,  in  a  recent  address, 
states  that  in  a  number  of  the  dioceses  of  France,  it  is  the  custom  of  the 
pastors  of  the  churches,  when  preparing  children  for  their  first  com- 
munion, to  require  from  them  a  promise  never  to  ill-treat  any  dumb 
creature. 

In  many  of  the  schools  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  they  have  adopted  the 
practice  of  having  humane  stories  or  other  humane  selections  read  daily 
to  the  pupils  in  each  school. 

The  Hon.  J.  C.  Dore,  former  President  of  the  Board  of  Education, 
also  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  of  Chicago,  and  who  has  perhaps  done  as 
much  for  dumb  animals  as  any  man  in  the  West,  assured  me  that  he 
attributed  all  his  interest  in  the  subject  to  verses  which  his  teacher 
handed  him  when  a  child. 

EASY   TO    INTEREST    CHILDREN. 

It  is  very  easy  to  enlist  the  sympathies  of  children  in  the  animal  world. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  history  and  habits  of  birds  :  show  how  wonder- 
fully they  are  created ;  how  kind  to  their  young  ;  how  useful  to  agricul- 
ture; what  power  they  have  in  flight.     The  swallow  that  flies  sixty 


THE  PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS.  15 

miles  an  hour,  or  the  frigate  bird  which,  in  the  words  of  Audubon, 
*'  flies  with  the  velocity  of  a  meteor,"  and  according  to  Michelet  can 
float  at  an  elevation  of  ten  thousand  feet,  and  cross  the  tropical  Atlantic 
ocean  in  a  single  night  ;  or  those  birds  of  beauty  and  of  song,  the 
oriole,  the  linnet,  the  lark,  and  sweetest  of  all,  the  nightingale,  whose 
voice  caused  one  of  old  to  exclaim,  "  Lord,  what  music  hast  thou  pro- 
vided for  saints  in  heaven,  when  thou  hast  afforded  such  music  for  men 
on  earth." 

Or,  take  that  wonderful  beast  of  the  desert,  the  camel,  which,  nour- 
ished by  its  own  humps  of  fat,  and  carrying  its  own  reservoirs  of  water, 
pursues  its  toilsome  way  across  pathless  deserts  for  the  comfort  and  con- 
venience of  man. 

Is  it  not  easy  to  carry  up  the  minds  and  hearts  of  children  by  thoughts 
like  these  from  the  creature  to  the  infinitely  wise,  good,  and  powerful 
Creator  ? 

I  believe  there  is  a  great  defect  in  our  systems  of  education.  I  believe 
that  in  our  public  schools  it  is  quite  as  possible  to  develop  the  heart 
as  the  intellect,  and  that  when  this  is  required  and  done,  we  shall  not 
only  have  higher  protection  for  dumb  creatures,  and  so  increased  length 
of  human  life,  but  also  human  life  better  developed  and  better  worth 
living.  I  believe  that  the  future  student  of  Ameiican  history  will 
wonder,  that  in  the  public  schools  of  a  free  government,  whose  very 
existence  depended  upon  public  integrity  and  morals,  so  much  attention 
should  have  been  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  the  intellect,  and  so  little  to 
the  cultivation  of  the  heart.  Only  a  few  weeks  since,  the  educated  sub- 
master  of  a  high  school  in  one  of  our  cities,  was  fined  forty  dollars  and 
costs,  for  throwing  a  dog  which  had  followed  some  of  his  pupils  to 
school,  from  the  third  story  window  of  his  school-house  to  the  pave- 
ment, where  it  lay  mangled  and  bleeding  until  a  humane  gentleman 
passing,  put  it  out  of  pain. 

Let  us  study  the  experiences  of  the  Quakers,  Moravians,  and  teachers 
of  the  Kindergarten.  "  Ever  after  I  introduced  the  teaching  of  kind- 
ness to  animals  into  my  school,"  says  M.  De  Sailly,  an  eminent  French 
school-master,  "  I  found  the  children  not  only  more  kind  to  animals,  but 
also  more  kind  to  each  other."  "I  am  sure  children  cannot  be  taught 
humanity  to  animals,  without  at  the  same  time  being  taught  a  higher 
humanity,"  says  the  superintendent  of  the  Boston  public  schools.  "  The 
great  need  of  our  country,"  said  Hiram  Powers  to  me  at  Florence,  "in 
more  education  of  the  heart." 

CONCLUSION. 

In  conclusion,  then,  the  remedy  for  all  the  wrongs  which  I  have  en- 
deavored to  portray,  consists,  first,  in  the  enactment  and  faithful  enforce- 


16  THE  PROTECTION   OF   ANIMALS. 

ment  of  laws ;  second,  in  faithful  inspection  at  cattle  markets  and 
slaughter-houses ;  and  third,  in  general  humane  education,  particularly 
of  the  young. 

How  are  these  things  to  be  obtained  ?  I  know  of  no  other  practicable 
method,  in  this  country,  except  through  the  agency  of  organized  societies 
for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  which  shall  strive  to  circulate 
information,  and  promote  humane  education ;  and  when  other  means 
fail,  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the  laws. 

In  the  better  time  coming,  I  am  sure  many  of  these  wrongs  must 
cease,  and  that  doctrine  which  Christ  taught  in  his  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,  "  Blessed  are  the  merciful,  for  they  shall  obtain  mercy,"  will 
come  to  be  more  earnestly  preached  in  our  churches,  and  more  generally 
taught  in  our  schools. 

In  the  mean  time  it  is  my  duty  to  work ;  and  in  pursuance  of  that 
duty,  I  have  come  before  this  meeting  of  American  scholars  held  in  the 
interests  of  social  science,  to  speak  for  those  who  cannot  speak  for  them- 
selves, and  in  their  behalf  to  ask  you  to  encourage  and  aid  this  work. 


MASSACHUSETTS   SOCIETY 


PREVENTION   OF  CRUELTY  TO  ANIMALS. 


RATES    OF    MEMBERSHIP. 


Active  Life  Membership             ......  $100.00 

Associate  Life  Membership              .....  50.00 

Active  Annual  Membership       ......  10.00 

Associate  Annual  Membership        .            .            .            .            .  5.00 

Children's  Membership   .            .            .            .            .            .            .  1.00 

Branch  Membership    .......  1.00 

Bubsoription  to  "Our  Dumb  Animals"  (Monthly  Paper)    ,            .  1.00 

AU  members  receive  our  paper  and  all  publications  of  the  Society  FREE. 

FKANK  B.  FAY,  SECEETAay. 


s^ 


AMERICAN   SOCIAL   SCIENCE   ASSOCIATION. 


The  American  Social  Science  Association  was  organized  in  the 
fall  of  1865,  after  the  model  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Social  Science.     The  objects  of  the  Association  are  :  — 

To  aid  the  development  of  Social  Science,  and  to  guide  the  public  mind 
to  the  best  practical  means  of  promoting  the  Amendment  of  Laws,  the 
Advancement  of  Education,  the  Prevention  and  Repression  of  Crime,  the 
Reformation  of  Criminals,  the  Furtherance  of  Public  Morality,  the  Adop- 
tion of  Sanitary  Regulations,  and  the  DifiFusion  of  Sound  Principles  on 
Questions  of  Economy,  Trade,  and  Finance. 

To  bring  together  the  various  societies  and  individuals  now  interested 
in  these  objects,  for  the  purpose  of  Obtaining,  by  discussion,  the  real  ele- 
ments of  Truth,  by  which  doubts  are  removed,  conflicting  opinions  har- 
monized, and  a  common  ground  afforded  for  treating  wisely  the  social 
problems  of  our  times. 

The  labors  of  the  Association  are  carried  on  in  four  Departments  :  — 
I.  Education. 
II.  Public  Health. 

III.  Economy,  Trade,  and  Finance. 

IV.  Jurisprudence  and  the  Amendment  of  Laws. 

Each  Department  is  under  the  direction  of  professionally  qualified 
members. 

General  Meetings,  at  which  papers,  bearing  upon  all  Departments,  will 
oe  read,  as  well  as  Special  Meetings,  relating  to  the  separate  Departments; 
are  held  regularly  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The  information 
elicited  at  these  meetings  is  published,  and  acted  upon,  as  far  as  practi- 
cable, by  intervention  with  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Municipal  Au- 
thorities, Boards  of  Education,  Health,  and  Charity,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Science-  of  Society  stands,  from  its  very  nature,  more  than  any 
other,  in  need  of  associated  labor.  Its  aim  being  the  promotion  of  human 
welfare  by  ascertaining  the  natural  laws,  whose  application  will  insure 
the  greatest  human  happiness,  reflecting  men  and  women  must  be  brought 
together  for  a  regular  exchange  of  thought  and  information.  In  order  to 
facilitate  this  commerce  of  minds,  a  Central  Bureau  has  been  opened  in 
Boston,  and  a  salaried  officer  placed  in  charge  of  it,  who  is  giving  his 
whole  time  and  attention  to  the  work  of  the  Association. 

The  experience  of  five  years  has  fully  convinced  the  members  of  the 
Association  that  it  was  not  instituted  a  moment  too  soon  in  this  preemi- 
nently progressive  country,  whose  very  intense  vitality  and  rapid  develop- 
ment call  for  safe  guidance  by  Right  andvTruth.  It  is  this  firm  convic- 
tion that  leads  us  to  ask  anew  the  cooperation  of  all  engaged  in  Law, 
Medicine,  Education,  Commerce,  and  Finance,  and  of  the  friends  of 
human  progress  in  general. 

The  Annual  Subscription  is  Five  Dollars.  All  the  publications  of  the 
Association,  including  the  "  .Journal  of  Social  Science,"  are  furnished  gra- 
tuitously to  members. 

Letters  should  be  addressed  to  the  Ofiice  of  the  Association,  5  Pem- 
bei-ton  Square,  Boston. 

F.  B.  SANBORN,  Secretary.  GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS,  President 


COKE    WEB,    CENTER    tlQ, 
WSTORICAU    COUECTION 


